Also known as: Maleic anhydride, cis-Butenedioic anhydride, Toxilic anhydride, 2,5-Dihydrofuran-2,5-dione, Crystal Man (+15 more)
CAS 108-31-6
2,5-Furandione (CAS 108-31-6) is a chemical substance with GHS signal word Danger; key hazard signal: H302; H372 (inhalation) (respiratory system); H314; H318; H334; H317. Key regulatory status: REACH registered, 5 regulatory/inventory lists, cosmetic ingredient cross-reference; source data from ECHA CLP, EPA ToxValDB, EPA CPDat, AICIS, ECHA REACH, ILO ICSC, OSHA, EPA TRI.
2,5-Furandione is prohibited in EU cosmetics but has active industrial GHS classifications (H302, H372, H314, H318, H334, H317).
CAS, identifiers, formula, and alternate names for the matched substance record.
EU harmonized hazard classification, hazard statements, pictograms, and signal word.
| Hazard Class | H-Statements | Pictograms | Signal |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acute Tox. 4; STOT RE 1; Skin Corr. 1B; Eye Dam. 1; Resp. Sens. 1; Skin Sens. 1A | H302; H372 (inhalation) (respiratory system); H314; H318; H334; H317 | GHS07; GHS08; GHS05 | Danger |
International Chemical Safety Card hazard and exposure summary.
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| GHS Signal Word | DANGER |
| GHS Hazard Statements | Harmful if swallowed May be harmful in contact with skin Causes severe skin burns and eye damage May cause an allergic skin reaction May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled May cause damage to lungs if inhaled Harmful to aquatic life |
| Short-term Effects | The substance and the vapour are corrosive to the eyes and skin. The substance is irritating to the respiratory tract. Inhalation may cause lung oedema, but only after initial corrosive effects on eyes and/or airways have become manifest. See Notes. |
| Long-term Effects | Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause asthma. |
| Routes of Exposure | The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol, through the skin and by ingestion. |
Occupational exposure limits from OSHA, NIOSH, and ACGIH rows.
| Agency | Metric | Value | ppm | mg/m3 | Skin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OSHA | TWA | 0.25 ppm (1 mg/m³) | 0.25 | 1 | N |
| NIOSH | TWA | 0.25 ppm (1 mg/m³) | 0.25 | 1 | N |
| ACGIH | TWA | 0.01 mg/m³ (inhalable fraction and vapor) [2010] | - | 0.01 | N |
| CAL/OSHA | TWA | 0.1 ppm (0.4 mg/m³) | 0.1 | 0.4 | N |
| NIOSH | IDLH | 10 mg/m³ | - | 10 | - |
| AIHA | ERPG-1 | 0.2 ppm | 0.2 | - | - |
| AIHA | ERPG-2 | 5 ppm | 5 | - | - |
| AIHA | ERPG-3 | 20 ppm | 20 | - | - |
Industrial and product-use categories associated with this substance.
Inventory, screening, and regulatory list matches from public chemical databases.
| List | Keyword | Source |
|---|---|---|
| drinking_water; Europe; manufacturing; plastic_additive | Belgaqua | CPCat |
| Cleaning products and household care - oven - oven cleaner; Europe | Danish Environmental Protection Agency | Danish EPA |
| inert_ingredient; non_food_use; Pesticides | EPA | CPCat |
| CEDI | FDA | United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
| Indirect additives food contact (10/2018) | FDA | United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
Toxicology endpoints rendered from public NOAEL study rows.
| Value | Unit | Endpoint | Route | Species | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| =0.12 | mg/m3 | BMC (05) | inhalation | Rat | ToxValDB_Cal_OEHHA_REL_derivations |
| 298.4 | ug/mL | CD54, EC200 | Dermal | - | NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization |
| 156 | ug/mL | CD86, EC150 | Dermal | - | NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization |
| 658 | ug/mL | CV75 | Dermal | - | NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization |
| =0.081 | mg/m3 | DNEL local | inhalation | Human | ToxValDB_GESTIS_DNEL |
| =0.32 | mg/m3 | DNEL local | inhalation | Human | ToxValDB_GESTIS_DNEL |
| =0.19 | mg/m3 | DNEL systemic | inhalation | Human | ToxValDB_GESTIS_DNEL |
| 100 | % | Depletion Cys | Dermal | - | NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization |
| 41 | % | Depletion Lys | Dermal | - | NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization |
| 45.9 | % | Depletion Lys | Dermal | - | NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization |
| 70.5 | % | Depletion Lys + Cys | Dermal | - | NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization |
| 73 | % | Depletion Lys + Cys | Dermal | - | NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization |
| 1475.9 | uM | EC1.5 | Dermal | - | NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization |
| 0.16 | % | EC3 | Dermal | Mouse | NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization |
| V5877ZJZ25 | UNII | FDA UNII substance identifier | - | - | openFDA substances |
| V5877ZJZ25 | UNII | FDA UNII substance identifier | - | - | openFDA substances |
| V5877ZJZ25 | UNII | FDA UNII substance identifier | - | - | openFDA substances |
| V5877ZJZ25 | UNII | FDA UNII substance identifier | - | - | openFDA substances |
| >2000 | uM | IC50 | Dermal | - | NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization |
| 2.5 | ratio | Imax | Dermal | - | NTP_ICE_skin_sensitization |
| =235 | mg/kg bw | LD50 | oral | Rat (Female) | NTP_ICE_acute_oral |
| =400 | mg/kg bw | LD50 | oral | Rat | NTP_ICE_acute_oral |
| =900 | mg/kg bw | LD50 | oral | Rat | NTP_ICE_acute_oral |
| =1030 | mg/kg bw | LD50 | oral | Rat | NTP_ICE_acute_oral |
| =1050 | mg/kg bw | LD50 | oral | Rat | NTP_ICE_acute_oral |
| =1090 | mg/kg bw | LD50 | oral | Rat | NTP_ICE_acute_oral |
| =56147.4 | mg/m3 | LEL | inhalation | Human | ToxValDB_DOE_Protective_Action_Criteria |
| =1.1 | mg/m3 | LOAEC | inhalation | Hamster | ToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID |
| =9.8 | mg/m3 | LOAEC | inhalation | Rat | ToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID |
| =10 | mg/m3 | LOAEC | inhalation | Rat | ToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID |
| =1.1 | mg/m3 | LOAEL | inhalation | Rat | ToxValDB_Cal_OEHHA_REL_derivations |
| =20 | mg/kg bw/day | LOAEL | oral | Rat | ToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID |
| 60 | mg/kg bw/day | LOAEL | oral | dog | COSMOS_DB |
| 100 | mg/kg bw/day | LOAEL | oral | rat | COSMOS_DB |
| 250 | mg/kg bw/day | LOAEL | oral | rat | COSMOS_DB |
| =600 | mg/kg bw/day | LOAEL | oral | Rat | ToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID |
| =32 | mg/kg bw/day | LOEL | oral | Rat | ToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID |
| =100 | mg/kg bw/day | LOEL | oral | Rat | ToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID |
| =3.3 | mg/m3 | NOAEC | inhalation | Rat | ToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID |
| =9.8 | mg/m3 | NOAEC | inhalation | Hamster | ToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID |
| =10 | mg/kg/day | NOAEL | oral | - | EPA_IRIS_iris_rfd_systems.csv |
| 40 | mg/kg bw/day | NOAEL | oral | dog | COSMOS_DB |
| =55 | mg/kg bw/day | NOAEL | oral | Rat | ToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID |
| =60 | mg/kg bw/day | NOAEL | oral | Dog | ToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID |
| >=100 | mg/kg bw/day | NOAEL | oral | Rat | ToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID |
| >=140 | mg/kg bw/day | NOAEL | oral | Rat | ToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID |
| =250 | mg/kg bw/day | NOAEL | oral | Rat | ToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID |
| =10 | mg/kg bw/day | NOEL | oral | Rat | ToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID |
| =40 | mg/kg bw/day | NOEL | oral | Rat | ToxValDB_ECHA_IUCLID |
| =0.0007 | mg/m3 | RfC | inhalation | Human | ToxValDB_RSL |
Showing 50 of 61 studies
Registration status from the ECHA REACH registered substances database.
| Status | Name | EC Number | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Registered | Maleic anhydride | 203-571-6 | ECHA overview → |
TRI hazard and reporting flags for the matched chemical.
| Chemical | Category | Flags |
|---|---|---|
| Maleic anhydride | - | - |
Australian industrial chemicals inventory status and applicable conditions.
Same-CAS cosmetic ingredient record for cross-vertical context.
Same-CAS pharmaceutical records from drug and bioactivity sources.
Same-CAS cannabis compliance and lab records where available.
1 cannabis record found in efsa substances.
View full cannabis profile →2,5-Furandione (CAS 108-31-6) is classified under EU CLP Annex VI as Acute Tox. 4; STOT RE 1; Skin Corr. 1B; Eye Dam. 1; Resp. Sens. 1; Skin Sens. 1A with signal word Danger. Hazard statements: H302; H372 (inhalation) (respiratory system); H314; H318; H334; H317. Source: EU CLP Annex VI (ECHA).
2,5-Furandione has 61 NOAEL studies in the database. The lowest reported value is 0.0007 mg/m3 via inhalation in Human. Source: ToxValDB_RSL.
2,5-Furandione appears on 5 regulatory/inventory lists including drinking_water; Europe; manufacturing; plastic_additive, Cleaning products and household care - oven - oven cleaner; Europe, inert_ingredient; non_food_use; Pesticides, and 2 more. Source: EPA CPDat.
Occupational exposure limits for 2,5-Furandione are set by OSHA, NIOSH, ACGIH. 8 limit values from official agencies are documented in the database. Source: OSHA, NIOSH, ACGIH.
Yes, 2,5-Furandione is also indexed as a cosmetic ingredient under the name Maleic Anhydride. View the full cosmetic safety profile on the ingredient page for detailed safety data, SCCS opinions, and regulatory status.
Safety data is sourced from ECHA CLP Annex VI, EPA ToxValDB, EPA CPDat, AICIS (Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme), EPA DSSTox, ECHA REACH, ILO/WHO ICSC, OSHA/NIOSH/ACGIH, EPA Toxics Release Inventory, CosIng / Ingredients DB, ChEMBL / DailyMed, cannabis regulatory/lab databases. All data traces to primary regulatory sources and is updated from official government databases.
2,5-Furandione is prohibited in EU cosmetics but has active industrial GHS classifications (H302, H372, H314, H318, H334, H317).
2,5-Furandione also appears in cosmetics, pharmaceutical, cannabis databases.